Much has been written about recidivist punishments, particularly within the area of criminology. However there is a notorious lack of penal philosophical reflection on this issue. This book attempts to fill that gap by presenting the philosopher’s view on this matter as a way of furthering the debate on recidivist punishments.

Genomic research results and incidental findings with health implications for a research participant are of potential interest not only to the participant, but also to the participant's family. Yet investigators lack guidance on return of results to relatives, including after the participant's death. In this paper, a national working group offers consensus analysis and recommendations, including an ethical framework to guide investigators in managing this challenging issue, before and after the participant's death.

Returning genomic research results to family members raises complex questions. Genomic research on life-limiting conditions such as cancer, and research involving storage and reanalysis of data and specimens long into the future, makes these questions pressing. This author group, funded by an NIH grant, published consensus recommendations presenting a framework. This follow-up paper offers concrete guidance and tools for implementation. The group collected and analyzed relevant documents and guidance, including tools from the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research Consortium. The authors then (...) negotiated a consensus toolkit of processes and documents. That toolkit offers sample consent and notification documents plus decision flow-charts to address return of results to family of living and deceased participants, in adult and pediatric research. Core concerns are eliciting participant preferences on sharing results with family and on choice of a representative to make decisions about sharing after participant death. (shrink)

Motto: “History is denied not because it is ‘false’ but because, although impossible to be assimilated as present, it remains active in the present.” Martin Heidegger -/- “It is to be expected that people remember their past and imagine their future. But in fact, when they write discourses about history they imagine it through the prism of their own experiences and when they try to ponder over the future they refer to presupposed analogies with the past, until, in a double (...) process of repetition they imagine their past and remember their future.” Lewis Nanier. (shrink)

It surely would lighten the tasks of feminism tremendously if we could cut to the quick of women's lives by focusing on some essential "woman- ness." However, though all women are women, no woman is only a woman. Those of us who have  ...

Over the past decade, many findings in cognitive about the contents of consciousness: we will not address neuroscience have resulted in the view that selective what might be called the ‘enabling factors’ for conscious- attention, working memory and cognitive control ness (e.g. appropriate neuromodulation from the brain- stem, etc.). involve competition between widely distributed rep-.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:358 BOOK REVIEWS New Perspectives on Old-Time Religion. By GEORGE N. SCHLESINGER. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 196. George Schlesinger ends one of the chapters of his hook by saying: In the last two hundred years or so, theism has mostly been on the defensive and in retreat. It is important to show that the believer can offer a rational justification for his position (...) that is at least as respectable as his opponent's. And it is also important to show that he can do this without having to reinterpret radically, demythologize, or dilute traditional religious doctrines; without having to take shelter in impenetrably opaque metaphors and mystifications; and without claiming immunity from the testimonies of empirical evidence and logical argument by in· voking the special, ineffable status of his beliefs (148). That is precisely what Schlesinger attempts to do in this hook. What we have, as a result, is a philosophically original, vigorously argued, literate, and even at times entertaining defense of religious belief cov· ering a wide range of topics which are seen to he interrelated in deep and sometimes surprising ways. After a brief introduction offering an over-view of what is to come, Schlesinger addresses in his first chapter the crucial topic of the concept of God. In it he argues the superiority of St. Anselm's conception of God as a greatest possible, or absolutely perfect, being. With the single idea of divine perfection as the governing constraint on any detailed elaboration of distinct divine attributes, Schlesinger suggests that many well known arguments against the coherence of theism can he answered very simply. In this intriguing chapter, he even goes so far as to suggest that " upon gaining a basic understanding of the nature of Divine attributes all problems disappear " (14). He illustrates his approach by examining difficulties that have been alleged to attend the theistic claim that God is both omniscient and immutable and the claim that God is omnipotent. Along the way, all sorts of interesting problems are touched upon, from the proper understanding of time to the nature of petitionary prayer. Chapter two tackles what is considered by many people to he the major obstacle to theism, the problem of evil. Schlesinger begins by arguing that it is an inadequate response for theists to suggest that God is justified in allowing the evils of our world because they are necessary, or their allowance is necessary, for the existence of a great good, namely, morally significant free will along God's creatures. Schlesinger contends that a simple free will theodicy has no way of explaining why God does not act in subtle ways so as to curtail the scope of wicked- BOOK REVIEWS 359 ness in the world. If we agree that it would be morally incumbent upon any person capable of restraining a Hitler to attempt to do so in fact, we find it hard to see on what grounds God might diverge from our judgment. Does He view each of Hitler's acts of free will to be of such value as exercises of freedom that it is better to allow them than to prevent the \more horrendous of them? After his discussion of the free will solution, Schlesinger goes on to develop a line of thought that he has pursued in other writings, but which here is given most detailed elaboration. He begins by sketching the main lines of what is often called the virtuous response theodicy, or the soul-making theodicy. This is fundamentally the claims that (l) there are certain virtues which could not be had in a world bereft of suffering, (2) a world containing creatures with these virtues is superior to one devoid of suffering and thus of these virtues as well, and that (3) God is justified in choosing to create and sustain a world which allows of such virtues, that is to say, a world containing suffering. Of the many objections raised against standard explications of this sort of theodicy, one is especially difficult to overcome, an objection often known as the absurd morality complaint. It goes like this: It is an absurd morality which allows us to... (shrink)

Background: As part of an ongoing Scandinavian project on the dignity of care for older people, this study is based on ‘clinical caring science’ as a scientific discipline. Clinical caring science examines how ground concepts, axioms and theories are expressed in different clinical contexts. Central notions are caring culture, dignity, at-home-ness, the little extra, non-caring cultures versus caring cultures and ethical context – and climate. Aim and assumptions: This study investigates the individual variations of caring cultures in relation to (...) dignity and how it is expressed in caring acts and ethical contexts. Three assumptions are formulated: (1) the caring culture of nursing homes influences whether dignified care is provided, (2) an ethos that is reflected on and appropriated by the caregiver mirrors itself in ethical caring acts and as artful caring in an ethical context and (3) caring culture is assumed to be a more ontological or universal concept than, for example, an ethical context or ethical person-to-person acts. Research design: The methodological approach is hermeneutic. The data consist of 28 interviews with relatives of older persons from Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Ethical considerations: The principles of voluntariness, confidentiality and anonymity were respected during the whole research process. Findings: Three patterns were revealed: dignity as at-home-ness, dignity as the little extra and non-dignifying ethical context. Discussion: Caring communion, invitation, at-home-ness and ‘the little extra’ are expressions of ethical contexts and caring acts in a caring culture. A non-caring culture may not consider the dignity of its residents and may be represented by routinized care that values organizational efficiency and instrumentalism rather than an individual’s dignity and self-worth. Conclusion: An ethos must be integrated in both the organization and in the individual caregiver in order to be expressed in caring acts and in an ethical context that supports these caring acts. (shrink)

The analyses in the book investigate the possibilities and foundations of a completely new philosophy of history, although outlined in dialogue with M. Heidegger. The fundamental questions the author asks are: Why, wherefrom is there history? Why are we humans historical? Why is there historiography? Primarily and ultimately, the response to each of these questions is: because we are MORTAL. Accordingly, the first chapter tackles the possibilities and lays the foundations of an ontology of history. Built upon these, the second (...) chapter analyses the being of the PAST and its existential characteristics – as NOT-BEING-ANY-MORE, as HAD-BEEN-NESS. Chapter three turns towards the FUTURE and analyses its existential characteristics as NOT-YET-BEING. Chapter four is an explicit return to the dialogue with Heidegger, which surfaces the main aspects of the essential belonging together of the fundaments and origins of philosophy and history. The Appendix is an applied philosophical research related to the previous subjects which examines the interlacements of DEATH and SECRET in the phenomenon of TERRORISM. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:184 BOOK REVIEWS knower, one may avoid undercutting the position that the cognitive powers are passive, without failing to do justice to the fact that aware· ness and discrimination are activities of the knower {pp. 71-72; 148· 49, n. 6). Second, Kai holds that the individual human being cannot really he said to have intuitive mind in himself: "Man has mind; hut only to a certain degree and (...) without mind losing its independence from the human whole.... the divine mind is present in man without los· ing its character of divine mind " (p. 75). If only God has intuitive mind {pp. 155, n. 32; 156-57, n. 13), how can the individual human being really know, even in the sense of having discursive thought? Since knowledge depends on first principles, what does not possess the intuitive mind which knows the first principles would, it seems, not properly have knowledge. The only hope for a definitive interpretation of the disconcertingly brief De Anima, 3. 5, lies in the possibility that one can establish a definite connection between this chapter and other elements in the Aris· totelian corpus, a connection that would elucidate the otherwise in· scrutable teaching on active mind. It is the great merit of Kai to have made an excellent case for a connection between De Anima, 3. 5, and two other elements in the Aristotelian corpus: nous as it functions in the logic and epistemology, and the unmoved mover of Metaphysics, Lambda. Exploring this connection in a penetrating and thorough analysis of a great body of Aristotelian and secondary te~ts, Kai has not merely taken a position on a more than two-thousand-year-old con· troversy, hut also has decisively advanced our understanding of active mind. St. John's University Jamaica, New York JAMES T. H. MARTIN Anselm Studies: An Occasional Journal. Vol. 2. Edited by JosEPH ScHNAUBELT, OSA, et al., White Plains, New York: Kraus Inter· national Publications, 1988. Pp. 634. $55.00. This volume contains the proceedings of the Fifth International Saint Anselm Conference (Villanova University, September 16-21, 1985). Held in conjunction with the Tenth International Patristic, Medieval, and Renaissance Conference, the meeting occasioned papers concen· trating on areas of "influence and juncture" in the life and thought of St. Anselm and St. Augustine. Given the dependence of much of Anselm's work on the thought of St. Augustine, the Conference took as its particular objective the understanding of the relationship between BOOK REVIEWS 185 faith and reason. While the focus of the papers in this volume includes both saints, the principal emphasis falls on Anselm as inheritor and interpretor of the methods and ideas of his intellectual ancestor. A brief introduction provides cameo presentations of Anselm's character as abbot, monk, and archbishop, together with a conspectus on Anselm's position vis-a-vis the canonical and ecclesiological issues of his day. The papers are then divided into five chapters: "Anselm's Monasticism." "The Proslogion Argument," "Truth: Anselm and Augustine," "Theological Method," and "The Anselmian Worldview." While the papers are of use to scholarly readers desiring detailed treatment of central issues in Anselm's logic and epistemology, the un· doubted strength of the collection lies in its well-calculated effort to integrate an understanding of Anselm's intellectual and spiritual out· look with the theological, spiritual, and literacy currents of his time. Especially for the historian of intellect and society, the essays in this volume provide analysis that advances our understanding of the cultural context of the 11th and 12th centuries. The contribution to our understanding of Anselm's culture is par· ticularly clear in the first and fourth divisions of the volume, the sec· tions dealing with monasticism and Anselm's worldview. In the former division, Glenn Olsen's assessment of " Anselm and Homosexuality" neatly evaluates the evidence for Anselm's sexual orientation made controversial by John Boswell's Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality. In fact, the present article, together with its notes, provides a useful summary of the critical literature which has grown up of late around the Boswellian thesis as well as the study of literary expressions of affection in the 11th and 12th centuries. Olsen grasps the... (shrink)

Muito se tem falado acerca de avaliação unitária do que é publicado, mas pouco se tem discutido acerca dos veículos que asseguram todo o processo de avaliação. Trata-se de um interesse ingente da época – e interesse parece uma roupa bem mais leve para encobrir a palavra moda – que recai sobre a cientometria, que é o Cíclope que domina e percorre o grande domínio da produção científica atual. Sua ingente tarefa é metrificar essa produção científica pelo número de citações. (...) Mas esse Cíclope não poderia estar a fazer seus trabalhos de modo tão incansável nas oficinas do norte do globo terrestre, forjando incansavelmente números sobre números, coletando citações de citações, erigindo estatísticas e mais estatísticas, sem que os resultados de seus esforços não desabassem pesadamente sobre a pós-graduação brasileira. Não se precisa ir longe para entender fenomenologicamente esse processo, nem se precisa vasculhar a bibliografia especializada em busca de alguma explicação complicada e abstrata. Basta olharmos as lives recentes do período da pandemia, de 2020, e se perguntar por que brotaram em tão grande número, e por que tantas pessoas com perfil especializado acorreram às suas discussões. No final das contas, em um processo de avaliação sem coparticipação, elas foram o único modo de expressão e organização espontânea de grupos de pesquisa muito bem enraizados e que têm levado à frente a produção científica do país há décadas. Foram esses grupos que se organizaram, espontaneamente, para dar vazão à própria voz, e para dizer que passarão a ser avaliados por critérios que nunca nortearam a própria produção. É claro que se pode argumentar que os critérios de avaliação da produção científica sempre podem e devem ser alterados, e que sempre o foram historicamente. De qualquer modo, haveria de se discutir seriamente se o critério aplicável a um quadriênio poderia ser definido no final desse quadriênio, quando todas as opções editoriais, por parte dos periódicos, e de escolha de veiculação, por parte dos pesquisadores, já foram feitas, e se encontram cimentadas e encerradas. Também seria importante discutir se deve haver um mínimo de continuidade na passagem de um sistema de avaliação a outro, e qual seria o tempo adequado de adaptação aos futuros novos critérios que viessem a ser adotados. Fatores simples e imediatos da produção científica, bem assentados há tempos, parecem escapar à CAPES: que o impacto de trabalhos na área básica das ciências é bem diferente do impacto de artigos nas áreas que delas se ramificam; que algumas pesquisas tem interesse específico ou fortemente regional, justamente porque resolvem problemas acentuadamente aderidos a um contexto; que a língua em que se publicam trabalhos deve atender à integração e à formação de uma grande comunidade de pesquisadores; que a forte presença de artigos internacionais em um periódico pode expressar a força desse veículo, mas também pode indicar que ele atende principalmente interesses de pesquisa alheios à comunidade nacional, deixando de parte a missão de fortalecer o seu núcleo de pesquisadores, etc. E isso é apenas uma parte da história. Ainda caberia perguntar, no tocante à avidez de cientometria, qual o conúbio de interesses que ela atende: quem recolhe esses dados; com que interesses o faz; como seleciona e padroniza os dados que divulga; como os disponibiliza; como vende o seu acesso; como determina políticas de produção do conhecimento científico ao assim proceder, etc. Uma coisa é certa, todo esse conjunto de questões passa ao largo de nossos gestores, preocupados em avaliar os PPG’s a partir da produção atomizada de seus pesquisadores. Os periódicos, que são o veículo da produção, nunca entraram em questão. Altamente penalizados com todas as políticas que visam avaliá-los, nunca foram convidados a participar desse debate. Na visão de cima para baixo, são o polo passivo, lábil, sempre pronto a se adequar aos supostos objetivos maiores que os ultrapassam. É notável como os periódicos, que sobrevivem em sua maior parte por si próprios, são tratados como algo de pouca monta, como se fosse indiferente a sua contribuição na divulgação do conhecimento científico. Eles são vistos como um produto da evolução em sua concepção mais crua: estabeleçamos os critérios e que sobrevivam os melhores. Muito deveria e deve ser falado sobre uma política para os periódicos, mas, para não ficarmos em lamentações nesse fechamento de quadriênio, vamos entrar no terreno dos avaliadores, para averiguar a consistência da proposta de quem nos avalia. Sob muitos ângulos que se analise, sempre será direto argumentar que o fator de impacto – principal critério erigido para o encerrado quadriênio – é uma métrica importante para a avaliação. Concedamos superficialmente que isso é pertinente para avaliar a produção unitária de cada pesquisador. Muita gente imposta a voz para nos advertir sobre o quão responsável é proceder de tal modo. Ainda assim caberia a pertinente pergunta: Em que o fator de impacto seria útil não para se avaliar a importância de um periódico, mas para uma agência estimular e aprimorar a veiculação da produção do conhecimento científico? Pode um periódico que não veicula a produção em área básica ser avaliado em nível de igualdade com outro que tem esse perfil? Se um periódico centra seus esforços em uma subárea restrita de conhecimento, pode ele ser subavaliado por ter esse recorte editorial? Para entramos no terreno prescritivo, sempre perigoso para a vida da ciência, também podemos indagar: “Deve” um periódico publicar maiormente (nota bene, essa é uma questão para o avaliador, e só ele, responder) os assuntos que reconhecidamente têm tendência a ter um maior fator de impacto? “Deve” um periódico ter como sua missão editorial prioritária publicar artigos com alto fator de impacto, e se organizar para tanto, uma vez que isso passa a medir sua excelência? E indo mais além, e penetrando no fulcro do processo de avaliação, também é pertinente perguntar: Se o fator de impacto é o do artigo citado, pode um pesquisador, que tenha publicado em um periódico de alto fator de impacto, ser bem avaliado justamente pelos outros artigos que ali se encontram e que erigiram aquele fator de impacto? Um artigo de pequeno fator de impacto, publicado junto com outro de elevado fator de impacto, pode receber a métrica que seria atribuída ao periódico? Pode, por fim, o periódico ser responsabilizado por uma métrica geral que será atribuída a cada pesquisador? Fundamentalmente é preciso se perguntar: Em que essa medida aprimora e melhora o processo de avaliação? De que modo ela ajusta os critérios de justiça, para ter um processo mais equitativo para todos os envolvidos? Em que parte das decisões tomadas para o encerrado quadriênio alguém deixou um mínimo expediente concreto voltado para valorizar e aprimorar a contribuição dos veículos que asseguram a mediação de todo o processo, a saber, os periódicos? Para evitar fazer um Qualis dos Artigos, decidiu-se fazer um Qualis dos Periódicos, e agora nos encontramos em um momento em que essa proposta exibe toda a sua inconsistência para os mediadores, porque ela descentra o editor com questões alheias à veiculação do conhecimento científico. E de maneira irracional, sem direito à instância de apelação, sem um necessário norte estabelecido antes dos crivos orientadores do processo, nos entregaremos agora a um processo de avaliação decidido ao final do decurso do quadriênio, e que, para salvar mais um herói internacional, a ciclópica cientometria, desconsidera todo o esforço histórico dos periódicos para veicular e publicizar a produção científica no país. Isso posto, passemos então à apresentação do septuagésimo segundo número, que sobreviveu a esse quadriênio, e viçou em terreno impróprio, contra todas as regras, antieuclidianamente. [...]. (shrink)

Nosso número 70 traz uma série de reflexões que tocam cruzamentos entre a Filosofia, a Educação e, neles, um sentido de formação que, de alguma maneira, reúne em comum essas duas regiões do saber. Aliás, é sobretudo em torno desse sentido de comum, para além do domínio do conhecimento, mobilizando densas questões de ordem moral e política, que o dossiê Governo das diferenças e as cartografias do ingovernável na educação: entre a arte e a política, organizado pelos professores Pedro Ângelo (...) Pagni e Divino José da Silva, nos conduz entre os inúmeros desafios do Mesmo e da Diferença. Aproveitamos para convidar à leitura de sua apresentação! Nesse momento em que nos movemos, em um mundo que usávamos “partilhar” por meio da informação, e que vemos agora experienciado em comum pela presença global de uma ameaça invisível e pela intensificação de práticas de recusa da diferença: sucumbimos ou resistimos? Que controvérsias produtoras, resistências e afirmações somos capazes de sustentar? Diante do conflito entre uma tradição que nos formou, ao mesmo tempo em que cristalizava preconceitos e privilégios, e os esforços emancipatórios que clamam por diferença e equidade ética, política e material: o que pode nos oferecer o pensamento? Ele diz respeito ao que nos fortalece diante da experiência oscilante entre o medo e o enfrentamento, ao entrecruzamento mesmo entre o “pessimismo da inteligência” e o “otimismo da vontade” gramscianos. É nele que podemos sustentar o desafio do “um” nas margens e contornos da diferença, desdobrando sentidos do resistir e do formar que, em sentidos distintos de alcance e significância, podemos oferecer aos processos totalizadores de condução da existência. [...] Nós, da Revista Educação e Filosofia, esperamos que você, leitora e leitor, façam grande proveito da leitura! (shrink)

No tratado 10 (V 1), 8, ao examinar a questão da constituição das hipóstases inteligíveis, Plotino observa que tais teses não são novas, mas há muito enunciadas pelos filósofos anteriores e notadamente por Platão. De tal modo, sua investigação acerta de tais temas constitui-se como uma exegese dos antigos e dos diálogos platônicos. No início da interrogação acerca da eternidade e do tempo no tratado 45 (III 7), Plotino observa a necessidade de examinar o que os antigos filósofos disseram acerca (...) da temática investigada, propondo um exame doxográfico a fim de que se possa obter “por si mesmo” uma compreensão adequada sobre o tempo a partir de seu paradigma, a eternidade. Nesse sentido, nossa proposta é de elaborar uma breve investigação acerca da possibilidade de articulação desses dois textos plotinianos por meio de alguns elementos presentes no tratado 20 (I 3), Sobre a dialética. De tal modo, pretende-se obter uma aproximação de alguns procedimentos metodológicos do pensamento de Plotino. Palavras-chave: Exegese, Dialética, Método Filosófico, Leitura dos Antigos, Plotino. (shrink)

Discussions on the ethics and regulation of clinical research have a great deal to say about the responsibilities of investigators, sponsors, research institutions and institutional review boards, but very little about the responsibilities of research participants. In this article, we discuss the responsibilities of participants in clinical research. We argue that competent adult participants are responsible for complying with study requirements and fulfilling other obligations they undertake when they make an informed choice to enrol in a study. These responsibilities are (...) based on duties related to promise-keeping, avoiding harm to one's self or others, beneficence and reciprocity. Investigators and research staff should inform participants about their responsibilities during the consent process, and should stress the importance of fulfilling study requirements. They should address any impediments to compliance, and they may provide participants with financial incentives for meeting study requirements. In very rare cases, coercive measures may be justified to prevent immanent harm to others resulting from non-compliance with study requirements. (shrink)

We introduce proof nets and sequent calculus for the multiplicative fragment of non-commutative logic, which is an extension of both linear logic and cyclic linear logic. The two main technical novelties are a third switching position for the non-commutative disjunction, and the structure of order variety.

Adults and infants display a robust ability to perceive the unity of a center-occluded object when the visible ends of the object undergo common motion (e.g. Kellman, P.J., Spelke, E.S., 1983. Perception of partly occluded objects in infancy. Cognitive Psychology 15, 483±524). Ecologically oriented accounts of this ability focus on the primacy of motion in the perception of segregated objects, but Gestalt theory suggests a broader possibility: observers may perceive object unity by detecting patterns of synchronous change, of which common (...) motion is a special case. We investigated this possibility with observations of adults and 4-month-old infants. Participants viewed a center-occluded object whose visible surfaces were either misaligned or aligned, stationary or moving, and unchanging or synchronously changing in color or bright- ness in various temporal patterns (e.g. ¯ashing). Both alignment and common motion con- tributed to adults' perception of object unity, but synchronous color changes did not. For infants, motion was an important determinant of object unity, but other synchronous changes and edge alignment were not. When a stationary object with aligned edges underwent syn- chronous changes in color or brightness, infants showed high levels of attention to the object, but their perception of its unity appeared to be indeterminate. An inherent preference for fast over slow ¯ash rates, and a novelty preference elicited by a change in rate, both indicated that infants detected the synchronous changes, although they failed to use them as information for object unity. These ®ndings favor ecologically oriented accounts of object perception in which surface motion plays a privileged role. Ó 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. (shrink)

The emergence of Hasidism as a mystical form of the Jewish tradition during the eighteenth century caused organizational divisions in Judaism. This split, which swept half of the Jewish world of Central and Eastern Europe, was largely caused by the extraordinary success of the new religious movement among the common people.Many researchers point to the attractiveness of Hasidism, which was, first and foremost, the over-accessibility of truths proclaimed by the followers of Boal-Shem- This is the founder of the movement. At (...) least the use of moral and instructive sentiments, aphorisms, and even "legendary anecdotes" to express the ideas of Hasidic teachings and their outspoken propaganda among the commoners have made this new movement of the Jewish tradition popularized. Figuratively speaking, the Hasidim sought to fill the inner world of man with properly crafted mystical ideas. (shrink)

Embora ser pessoal desempenhe um papel importante na filosofia de G.W.F. Hegel, ele nunca forneceu uma definição compreensiva de personalidade. Dentro do arcabouço de seus trabalhos, é, então, possível formular diferentes definições de pessoa e personalidade e algumas definições conflitantes foram apresentadas entre hegelianos durante as décadas de 1830 e 1840. Nesse artigo, examino o papel da personalidade no sistema de Hegel e discuto a relação entre personalidade e metafísica. A questão deve ser analisada no contexto dos vários trabalhos de (...) Hegel e contrastada com dois precursores importantes de Hegel, I. Kant e J.G. Fichte. Tentarei também por a filosofia do hegeliano finlandês J.V. Snellman sob escrutínio. O artigo também indica a importância da lógica à metafísica hegeliana e a sua concepção de personalidade. (shrink)

This study, the third in a series of three, draws on a broader Norwegian research project exploring the phenomenon of support for young persons with mental health issues. The aim was to explore and explicate the sense of “nourishing communion”, as a somewhat neglected aspect of support. Fourteen Norwegian young adults, aged 18-25, were interviewed about their experiences of support. Data was analyzed using van Manen’s hermeneutic-phenomenological approach to open up possible meanings of how nourishing communion is concretely lived. Analysis (...) was supplemented by in-depth reflexive dialogues between the first and second author, which fostered a nourishing communion akin to the processes and dimensions of our phenomenon of interest. Findings highlight five intertwined existential themes: a) trusting the other to hold vulnerability safely; b) flourishing in mutual participation; c) acceptance in a felt togetherness; d) feeling found and received; and e) feeling an attuned resonance. The notion of “nourishing communion” as a significant but neglected element of support challenges current practice, suggesting the need for a different approach to collaboration with young persons and their networks. From the perspectives both of individual professional engagement and of policy making, there is a need for further exploration of how young persons might be supported to create and maintain a broader range of nourishing relationships. (shrink)

Agostinho discute a violência sexual contra as mulheres no primeiro livro de A Cidade de Deus (De ciuitate Dei). Tendo vivido nos séculos IV e V, o autor se reflete sobre o estupro de três perspectivas: moral, legal e social. Quanto à moral, defende que o estupro não macula a dignidade das vítimas. Quanto à legal, considera o estupro um crime contra a vítima e que esta, além de não merecer culpabilização nem pena, deve ter uma consolatio. No âmbito social, (...) denuncia a mentalidade da época como baseada numa concepção deturpada da pudicitia (oriunda da narrativa de Tito Lívio sobre o estupro de Lucrécia e seu subsequente suicídio). Segundo Agostinho, a pudicícia romana agrava a punição injusta das vítimas com violências ulteriores. Nesses termos, reivindica uma política imperial de proteção e amparo às mulheres violentadas. O estudo desse texto de Agostinho é desenvolvido em quatro fases: breve contexto histórico, o exemplo imperial de pudor feminino (Lucrécia), as consequências desastrosas desse exemplo e, enfim, o posicionamento de Agostinho. (shrink)

The article characterizes post-folklore as a cultural phenomenon of the network society and defines various aspects of its functioning − sociocommunicative, cultural and psychological. The research methodology consisted of a set of basic approaches, principles and methods of scientific research. To achieve the goal, a set of general scientific and special methods was used, including the methods of logical analysis, problemchronological, generalization, synthesis, induction, and analogy.Research results. It has been proven that post-folkloric creativity is important for the development of social (...) communications, as it promotes the exchange of information between users of social networks, conveys people’s knowledge, moods, feelings, and emotions. In the cultural aspect, the works of post-folklore appear as cultural heritage of modern urbanized society and are represented by various types and genres. From the point of view of psychology, post-folklore has an impact on individual and social consciousness, on the development of cognitive processes, etc. The emergence of post-folklore in the field of education is separately mentioned, which indicates its important importance for the formation of the worldview of school youth.Conclusions. Today post-folklore is the subject of scientific research as a phenomenon of mass culture and network society, as a means of social communication, as a phenomenon that has an impact on public and individual consciousness and is gradually being established in the field of education. In the era of accelerated development of information and communication technologies, everyone has the opportunity to become a collector or author of post-folkloric creativity. Further research is planned to be carried out in the direction of studying the prospects for the development of post-folklore in Ukrainian and foreign cultures. (shrink)

The twentieth century brought enormous change to subjects such as language, metaphysics, ethics and epistemology. This volume covers the major developments in these areas and more.